Hidden in the dung: first record of Maculantrops hirtipes () (Diptera, Sphaeroceridae) from Brazil / Escondido no esterco: primeiro registro de Maculantrops hirtipes () (Diptera, Sphaeroceridae) do Brasil

Abstract We recorded for the first time the lesser dung fly Maculantrops hirtipes (Macquart, 1844) from Brazil, state of Rio Grande do Sul. Twenty-five specimens were reared from the dung of Myocastor coypus (Molina, 1782), this is the first record of the feeding substrate for the genus Maculantrops and the second only for the Archiborborinae. In addition, we describe the puparium, provide an updated distribution map and additional photographs of the species.

Resumo Registramos pela primeira vez a mosca-do-esterco Maculantrops hirtipes (Macquart, 1844) no Brasil, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Vinte e cinco espécimes foram obtidos em amostras fecais de Myocastor coypus (Molina, 1782). Este é o primeiro registro do substrato alimentar para o gênero Maculantrops e o segundo apenas para subfamília Archiborborinae. Além disso, descrevemos o pupário, fornecemos um mapa de distribuição atualizado e fotografias adicionais da espécie.

Genetic diversity in two threatened species of guitarfish (Elasmobranchii: Rhinobatidae) from the Brazilian and Argentinian coasts: an alert for conservation

The guitarfishes Pseudobatos horkelii and Pseudobatos percellens meet the criteria for threatened status as Critically Endangered (CR) and Endangered (EN), respectively. Both species occur in the Southern Atlantic Ocean. Considering the lack of data on the genetic structure of these species, the present study evaluated the genetic variability and population structure of the P. horkelii and P. percellens in the southern region of Brazil and the northern coast of Argentina, based on sequences of mitochondrial DNA, Control Region (D-loop). Samples of P. horkelii (n = 135) were analyzed in six localities situated in Northern Argentina, along the Brazilian states' coast. The mean of nucleotide diversity was 0.0053, the ΦST was 0.4277 and demographic analysis of P. horkelii suggests the existence of stability of the populations, with D = 0.9929, FS = 2.0155, SSD = 0.0817, R = 0.2153. In P. percellens (n = 101) were analyzed from six Brazilian localities along the coast of Santa Catarina, Paraná, and São Paulo. The mean nucleotide diversity was 0.0014 and ΦST value of 0.2921, the demographic analysis indicates a high migration rate of P. percellens among the localities evaluated, with D = 0.5222, FS = 0.3528, SSD = 0.01785, R = 0.3890.(AU)

As raias violas Pseudobatos horkelii e Pseudobatos percellens, são listados como "Criticamente em Perigo" (CR) e "Em Perigo" (EN), respectivamente. Ambas as espécies ocorrem no Sul do Oceano Atlântico. Considerando a falta de dados sobre a estrutura genética dessas espécies, o presente estudo avaliou a variabilidade genética e a estrutura populacional de P. horkelii e P. percellens na região sudeste do Brasil e litoral norte da Argentina, com base em sequências de DNA mitocondrial, região de controle (D-loop). Amostras de 135 indivíduos de P. horkelii analisados em seis localidades, situadas no norte da Argentina e ao longo da costa dos estados brasileiros. A média da diversidade nucleotídica foi de 0.0053, o índice ΦST foi de 0.4277 e a análise demográfica de P. horkelii, indicou a existência de estabilidade das populações, com D = 0.9929, Fus = 2.0155, SSD = 0.0817, R = 0.2153. Em 101 exemplares de P. percellens, foram analisados em seis localidades brasileiras ao longo do litoral de Santa Catarina, Paraná e São Paulo. A diversidade nucleotídica média foi de 0.0014 e o valor ΦST de 0.2921, a análise demográfica indicou uma alta taxa de migração de P. percellens entre as localidades analisadas, com D = 0.5222, FS = 0.3528, SSD = 0.01785, R = 0.3890.(AU)

Genetic diversity assessment for the vulnerable migratory cownose ray Rhinoptera bonasus (Myliobatiformes: Rhinopteridae) from the southwestern Atlantic Ocean

ABSTRACT Rhinoptera bonasus is a bento-pelagic and highly migratory species occurring from southern United States to northern Argentina. Due to overfishing effects, R. bonasus is currently at risk, classified by the IUCN Red List as vulnerable. Considering the lack of molecular data available for R. bonasus, this study aimed to describe the genetic variability and population structure of specimens sampled from three Brazilian coast ecoregions (Amazon ecoregion, Pará; Northeastern ecoregion, Pernambuco and Southeastern ecoregion, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Santa Catarina), through five polymorphic microsatellite markers. Here testing the panmixia hypothesis for Brazilian ecoregions and test natal philopathy. A total of 69 analyzed specimens revealed individual and significant genetic differentiation between the sampled locations. ST (0.12), PCA, DAPC and Bayesian analyses of the genetic population structure revealed at least two distinct genetic R. bonasus groupings. IBD tests were significant, indicating a correlation between genetic and geographical distance among populations, which can be explained by reproductive philopatric behavior. Philopatric behavior associated with R. bonasus mobility may influence the differentiation values observed for all loci in the investigated samples.

RESUMO Rhinoptera bonasus é uma espécie bento-pelágica e altamente migratória, que ocorre do sul dos Estados Unidos ao norte da Argentina. Devido aos efeitos da sobrepesca, R. bonasus está atualmente em risco, classificada pela Lista Vermelha da IUCN como vulnerável. Considerando a falta de dados moleculares disponíveis para R. bonasus, este estudo teve como objetivo descrever a variabilidade genética e estrutura populacional de espécimes amostrados em três ecorregiões do litoral brasileiro (Ecorregião Amazônica, Pará; Ecorregião Nordeste, Pernambuco e Ecorregião Sudeste, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo e Santa Catarina), por meio de cinco marcadores microssatélites polimórficos. Assim, testaremos as hipóteses de panmixia e filopatria natal. Um total de 69 espécimes analisados revelou diferenciação genética individual e significativa entre os locais amostrados. As análises de ST (0,12), PCA, DAPC e Bayesiana revelaram pelo menos dois agrupamentos genéticos distintos de R. bonasus. Os testes de IBD foram significativos, indicando uma correlação entre a distância genética e geográfica entre as populações, o que pode ser explicado pelo comportamento filopátrico reprodutivo. O comportamento filopátrico associado à mobilidade de R. bonasus pode influenciar os valores de diferenciação observados para todos os loci nas amostras investigadas.

Surface topography, gloss and flexural strength of pressable ceramic after finishing-polishing protocols

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of different finishing-polishing protocols on surface roughness, gloss, morphology and biaxial flexural strength of pressable fluorapatite glass ceramic. Thirty ceramic discs (12x1 mm) were produced and divided into five groups (n=6): CT: control (glaze); DA: fine grit diamond bur; DG: DA + new glaze layer; DP: DA + felt disk with fine grit diamond paste; DK: DA+ sequential polishing with silicon abrasive instruments, goat hair brush and cotton wheel. The specimens were analyzed for surface roughness (Ra) under profilometry and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Gloss was measured with spectrophotometry and micromorphology with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Flexural strength was assessed by biaxial flexural strength test. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test (a=0.05). DK showed the lowest surface roughness values and DA presented the highest in the perfilometer analysis. No significant differences were observed in the AFM for the CT, DG and DK groups, which presented the lower surface roughness; DA and DP had the higher Ra values. The DA, DP and CT showed the lowest surface gloss values, and the reflectance was significantly different from those observed for DK and DG groups. SEM analysis revealed the smoothest surface for DK group, followed by DG and CT groups; DA and DP groups exhibited variable degrees of surface irregularities. No significant differences were observed among groups for the biaxial flexural strength. The polishing protocol used in DK group can be a good alternative for chairside finishing of adjusted pressable fluorapatite glass ceramic surfaces.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes protocolos de acabamento e polimento na rugosidade da superfície, brilho, resistência à flexão biaxial e morfologia de cerâmica prensada. Trinta discos de cerâmica (12x1 mm) foram produzidos e divididos em cinco grupos (n=6): CT- controle (glaze); DA- ponta diamantada de granulação fina; DG: DA + nova camada de glaze; DP: DA + disco de feltro com pasta de diamante de granulo fino; DK: DA + polimento sequencial com instrumentos abrasivos de silício, escova de cabra e roda de algodão. Os espécimes foram analisados quanto à rugosidade da superfície (Ra) sob profilometria e microscopia de força atômica (AFM). O brilho foi medido com espectrofotometria e a micromorfologia com microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM). A resistência à flexão foi avaliada pelo teste de resistência à flexão biaxial. Os dados foram analisados ​​usando ANOVA um fator e teste post hoc de Tukey (a=0,05). DK mostrou mais baixos valores de rugosidade da superfície e DA apresentou o maior na análise do perfilômetro. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas no AFM para os grupos CT, DG e DK, que apresentaram a menor rugosidade de superfície; DA e DP apresentaram os maiores valores Ra. O DA, DP e CT mostraram valores de brilho superficial mais baixos, e a reflectância foi significativamente diferente da observada para os grupos DK e DG. A análise de SEM revelou a superfície mais homogênea para o grupo DK, seguido de grupos DG e CT; Os grupos DA e DP exibiram graus variáveis de irregularidades da superfície. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos quanto à resistência à flexão biaxial. O protocolo de polimento utilizado no grupo DK pode ser uma boa alternativa para o acabamento em consultório das superfícies de cerâmicas prensadas após ajustes.

Left atrial size and contractile function in healthy dogs and dogs with chronic mitral valve disease / Tamanho e função sistólica atrial esquerda em cães sadios e com doença valvar crônica de mitral

In humans, left atrial enlargement and reduced contractile functions are associated with adverse cardiovascular events and a poor prognosis in many dilatation of the left atrium occurs with the gradual evolution of chronic mitral valve disease and is well diseases. The left atrium is the most compromised cardiac chamber in dogs with chronic mitral valve disease (CMVD). Therefore, this study aimed to compare the main parameters of left atrial enlargement (left atrium/aorta ratio, left atrial diameter and volume indices) and contractile function (transmitral flow peak velocity A wave and time velocity integral, atrial fraction, and atrial ejection force) at different stages of valve disease, and correlate the left atrial diameter, volume, and contractile function indices with echocardiographic variables predictive of heart failure in dogs (transmitral flow peak velocity E wave, E wave/IVRT ratio, E wave/E´wave ratio, and E wave/A wave ratio). The results showed that progressive characterized by the left atrium/aorta ratio and left atrium volume index. The left atrial diameter and volume indices and left atrium/aorta ratio correlated positively with the transmitral flow peak velocity E wave and E wave/IVRT ratio, which are important indices of diastolic function. The left atrial contractile function indices increased as CMVD evolved. Except for the atrial fraction, the left atrial contractile function indices correlated with the left ventricular filling pressure indices.(AU)

O tamanho e a função atrial esquerda estão relacionados em humanos com eventos cardiovasculares adversos e prognóstico nas principais cardiopatias. Na doença valvar crônica de mitral (DVCM) em cães, o átrio esquerdo é a câmara cardíaca mais comprometida. Portanto, os objetivos deste estudo foram comparar os principais parâmetros de aumento atrial esquerdo (relação átrio esquerdo/aorta, índice do diâmetro atrial esquerdo e índice do volume atrial esquerdo) e função contrátil de átrio esquerdo (velocidade máxima e integral de velocidade da onda A do fluxo transvalvar mitral, fração atrial e força de ejeção atrial) nos diferentes estágios da doença valvar; correlacionar diâmetro e volume atrial esquerdo e os índices de função contrátil atrial esquerda com as variáveis ecocardiográficas preditivas de insuficiência cardíaca em cães (velocidade máxima da onda E do fluxo transvalvar mitral, relação E/TRIV, relação E/E'par e relação E/A). Os resultados mostraram que com a evolução progressiva da doença valvar crônica de mitral, ocorre dilatação progressiva do átrio esquerdo, bem caracterizada pela relação átrio esquerdo/aorta e pelo índice de volume atrial esquerdo. O índice do diâmetro atrial esquerdo, o índice de volume atrial esquerdo e a relação átrio esquerdo/aorta correlacionam-se, positivamente, com a velocidade da onda E e com a relação E/TRIV, que são importantes índices de função diastólica. Os índices de função contrátil do átrio esquerdo aumentam à medida que a DVCM evolui. Os índices de função contrátil do átrio esquerdo apresentam correlação positiva com os índices de pressão de enchimento ventricular esquerdo, exceção feita à fração atrial.(AU)

Perception, knowledge and attitudes of Brazilian orthodontists on the treatment of Class II malocclusions

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to assess the perception and knowledge of Brazilian orthodontists on the ideal moment to treat Class II malocclusions. Questionnaires with open, semi-open and close questions were sent by e-mail to 1653 Brazilian orthodontists. These orthodontists were registered in the Brazilian Association of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics (ABOR). One-hundred and three (9.86%) Orthodontists replied to the questionnaires. Most of them were males (60.5%) with specialization as the highest level of professional qualification (59.9%). Most of the orthodontists (51%) reported preference for treating Class II malocclusions in late mixed dentition, followed by the early mixed dentition (29%). The age range between 10 and 12 years old figured as the most prevalent in patients searching for treatment (42.7%). Most of the patients searching for treatment were females (69.7%). Preferences for functional orthopedic appliances were reported by 35% of the orthodontists. Brazilian orthodontists revealed a trend for treating patients with Class II malocclusions in the late mixed dentition. Female patients aged from 10 to 12 years old represented the majority of patients that search for orthodontic treatment. Functional orthopedic appliances were preferred by Brazilian orthodontists for treating Class II malocclusions.

Caninos superiores impactados por palatino – considerações clínicas e apresentação de caso / Palatally impacted maxillary canines – clinical considerations and case report

Um diagnóstico escorreito, que permita um plano de tratamento confiável, deve ser a premissa nos casos de tracionamento de caninos impactados. O posicionamento vestíbulo lingual, a relação com as raízes dos incisivos centrais e laterais e a angulação dos caninos necessitam de rigorosa avaliação para a tomada de decisão quanto à direção da linha de ação de forças. Outro cuidado refere-se à obtenção de espaço suficiente no arco para o posicionamento dos caninos tracionados. Por intermédio do relato de um caso clínico, procura-se demonstrar algumas condutas que permitam sucesso na consecução do tracionamento dos dentes 13 e 23.

A precise diagnosis that enables a reliable treatment plan should be the first concern in a case of traction of impacted canine. A rigorous evaluation of buccolingual position of the tooh, the relation with the roots of the central and lateral incisors and canine angulation is required in order todetermine the direction of the traction. Another precaution refers to obtaining sufficient space in the arch for positioning the canines. Through a clinical case report, we seek to present some conducts that favor successful traction of teeth 13 and 23.

Analysis of postural control and muscular performance in young and elderly women in different age groups

BACKGROUND: muscle strength and power are two factors affecting balance. The impact of muscle strength and power on postural control has not been fully explored among different age strata over sixty. OBJECTIVES: the aim of the present study was to assess the muscle strength and power of elderly women in different age groups and determine their correlation with postural control. METHOD: eighty women were divided into four groups: the young 18-30 age group (n=20); the 60-64 age group (n=20); the 65-69 age group (n=20); and the 70-74 age group (n=20). The participants underwent maximum strength (one repetition maximum or 1-RM) and muscle power tests to assess the knee extensor and flexor muscles at 40%, 70%, and 90% 1-RM intensity. The time required by participants to recover their balance after disturbing their base of support was also assessed. RESULTS: the elderly women in the 60-64, 65-69, and 70-74 age groups exhibited similar muscle strength, power, and postural control (p>0.05); however, these values were lower than those of the young group (p<0.05) as expected. There was a correlation between muscle strength and power and the postural control performance (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: despite the age difference, elderly women aged 60 to 74 years exhibited similar abilities to generate strength and power with their lower limbs, and this ability could be one factor that explains the similar postural control shown by these women. .

Pneumoretroperitoneum, pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema after endoscopic submucosal dissection of a rectal lateral spreading tumor / Pneumorretroperitônio, pneumomediastino e enfisema subcutâneo após dissecção endoscópica da submucosa de lesão retal de crescimento lateral

Introduction: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is an already established procedure in the treatment of gastric and esophageal cancer in its early stages. Colorectal lesions, initially approached by endoscopic mucosal resection en bloc or in fragments, are the current focus for submucosal approach, especially for superficial lateral spreading tumor of 20 mm-diameter. The experience of Japanese centers, which are reference in therapeutic endoscopy, demonstrates reduction in the rate of disease recurrence with this approach and, according to specific histopathological criteria, may avoid colectomy in some cases of malignant neoplasia. Case report: The patient was 50-year-old female. She underwent endoscopic submucosal dissection of a rectal lateral spreading tumor measuring 50 mm, located 8 cm from the anal margin. The procedure was performed without major complications, with just two points for muscle layer detachment, without gross perforation and closed with metal clips. However, the patient developed air leakage to the peritoneum, retroperitoneum, mediastinum and subcutaneous tissue, being only treated with clinical procedures and without additional intervention. Conclusion: It is vital to know and be able to apply the technique of ESD, in addition to addressing its complications, since despite the numerous benefits compared to surgery, ESD can result in serious outcomes. (AU)

Introdução: A dissecção endoscópica da submucosa (ESD) já é procedimento consagrado no tratamento do câncer gástrico e esofagiano em suas fases precoces. As lesões colorre-tais, inicialmente abordadas por mucossectomia, em bloco ou em fragmentos, são o foco atual para a abordagem submucosa, principalmente para os tumores de crescimento lateral superficial a partir de 20 mm de diâmetro. A experiência de centros japoneses, referências em endoscopia terapêutica, demonstram redução no índice de recidiva da doença com esta abordagem e, segundo critérios histopatológicos específicos, podem evitar uma colectomia em alguns casos de neoplasia maligna. Relato de caso: Trata-se de paciente de 50 anos, submetida à dissecção endoscópica da submucosa de lesão de crescimento lateral, com 50 mm, localizada no reto, a 8 cm da margem anal. O procedimento foi realizado sem maiores intercorrências, com apenas dois pontos de afastamento da muscular, sem perfuração grosseira, fechados com clipe. Entretanto, a paciente evoluiu com escape aéreo para peritônio, retroperitônio, mediastino e subcútis, sendo tratada sem intervenção adicional, apenas com manejo clínico. Conclusão: É de fundamental importância conhecer e saber aplicar a técnica da ESD, além de abordar suas complicações, uma vez que, mesmo repleta de benefícios em relação à cirurgia, ela pode apresentar desfechos graves. (AU)

QT interval in healthy dogs: which method of correcting the QT interval in dogs is appropriate for use in small animal clinics? / Intervalo QT em cães hígidos: qual método de correção para o intervalo QT é mais apropriado na clínica de pequenos animais?

The electrocardiography (ECG) QT interval is influenced by fluctuations in heart rate (HR) what may lead to misinterpretation of its length. Considering that alterations in QT interval length reflect abnormalities of the ventricular repolarisation which predispose to occurrence of arrhythmias, this variable must be properly evaluated. The aim of this work is to determine which method of correcting the QT interval is the most appropriate for dogs regarding different ranges of normal HR (different breeds). Healthy adult dogs (n=130; German Shepherd, Boxer, Pit Bull Terrier, and Poodle) were submitted to ECG examination and QT intervals were determined in triplicates from the bipolar limb II lead and corrected for the effects of HR through the application of three published formulae involving quadratic, cubic or linear regression. The mean corrected QT values (QTc) obtained using the diverse formulae were significantly different (ρ<0.05), while those derived according to the equation QTcV = QT + 0.087(1- RR) were the most consistent (linear regression). QTcV values were strongly correlated (r=0.83) with the QT interval and showed a coefficient of variation of 8.37 percent and a 95 percent confidence interval of 0.22-0.23 s. Owing to its simplicity and reliability, the QTcV was considered the most appropriate to be used for the correction of QT interval in dogs.

O intervalo QT do eletrocardiograma (ECG) é influenciado por variações da frequência cardíaca (FC), o que pode levar a erros na interpretação de sua duração. Considerando que as alterações na duração do intervalo QT refletem anormalidades da repolarização ventricular, as quais predispõem a ocorrência de arritmias, esta variável deve ser devidamente avaliada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar qual método de correção do intervalo QT é mais adequado para os cães, considerando-se diferentes intervalos de FC normais. Cães adultos saudáveis, de diferentes raças (n=130; Pastor Alemão, Boxer, Pit Bull Terrier e Poodle) foram submetidos ao exame eletrocardiográfico, no qual se determinaram os intervalos QT a partir da derivação bipolar II e foram corrigidos os efeitos da FC por meio da aplicação de três fórmulas, envolvendo regressão quadrática, cúbica ou linear. Os valores do QT corrigido (QTc) obtidos utilizando as diversas fórmulas foram significativamente diferentes (ρ<0,05), sendo os derivados da equação QTcV = QT + 0,087 (1- RR), os mais consistentes (regressão linear). Valores de QTcV apresentaram correlação significativa e de alta magnitude (r=0,83) com o intervalo QT, baixo coeficiente de variação (8,37 por cento) e intervalo de confiança de 95 por cento de 0,22-0,23s. Devido à confiabilidade dos dados, o QTcV foi considerado o mais apropriado para ser utilizado para a correção do intervalo QT em cães, além de ser um método de fácil execução.

Strain and strain rate by two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography in a maned wolf / Strain e strain rate por meio de ecocardiogratia speckle traking bidimensional em um lobo-guará

The measurement of cardiovascular features of wild animals is important, as is the measurement in pets, for the assessment of myocardial function and the early detection of cardiac abnormalities, which could progress to heart failure. Speckle tracking echocardiography (2D STE) is a new tool that has been used in veterinary medicine, which demonstrates several advantages, such as angle independence and the possibility to provide the early diagnosis of myocardial alterations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the left myocardial function in a maned wolf by 2D STE. Thus, the longitudinal, circumferential and radial strain and strain rate were obtained, as well as, the radial and longitudinal velocity and displacement values, from the right parasternal long axis four-chamber view, the left parasternal apical four chamber view and the parasternal short axis at the level of the papillary muscles. The results of the longitudinal variables were -13.52±7.88, -1.60±1.05, 4.34±2.52 and 3.86±3.04 for strain (%), strain rate (1/s), displacement (mm) and velocity (cm/s), respectively. In addition, the radial and circumferential Strain and Strain rate were 24.39±14.23, 1.86±0.95 and -13.69±6.53, -1.01±0.48, respectively. Thus, the present study provides the first data regarding the use of this tool in maned wolves, allowing a more complete quantification of myocardial function in this species.

A obtenção de parâmetros cardiovasculares em animais selvagens são importantes de serem avaliados, assim como em animais de companhia, para a obtenção da função miocárdica e determinação precoce de alterações cardíacas que poderiam evoluir para insuficiência cardíaca . A ecocardiografia speckle tracking (2D STE) é uma ferramenta nova que tem sido utilizada em medicina veterinária, a qual tem demonstrado várias vantagens quanto ao seu uso, como a independência do ângulo de insonação e a possibilidade de se obter o diagnóstico precoce de alterações miocárdicas. Objetivou-se avaliar a função miocárdica esquerda de um lobo guará por meio do uso da 2D STE. Desta forma, foram obtidas as variáveis Strain e Strain Rate longitudinais, circunferenciais e radiais, assim como a velocidade e o deslocamento longitudinais e radiais, utilizando os cortes eixo longo paraesternal direito quatro câmaras, paraesternal esquerdo apical quatro câmaras e eixo curto paraesternal direito no plano dos músculos papilares. Os resultados das variáveis longitudinais fora -13,52±7,88, -1,60±1,05, 4,34±2,52 e 3,86±3,04 para Strain (%), Strain rate (1/s), deslocamento (mm) e velocidade (cm/s), respectivamente. Quanto ao Strain e Strain rate radiais e circunferenciais foram obtidos 24,39±14,23, 1,86±0,95 e -13,69±6,53, -1,01±0,48. Portanto, o presente estudo fornece os primeiros dados a respeito do uso desta ferramenta em lobos guarás, permitindo uma quantificação da função miocárdica de forma mais completa nesta espécie.

Do self-ligating brackets favor greater bacterial aggregation?

Aim: To verify the hypothesis that self-ligating brackets favor greater aggregation of microorganisms when compared with conventional brackets. Methods: Four types of self-ligating metal brackets were evaluated. Initially, 50 brackets were divided into five groups (n=10): Morelli Conventional, GAC (In-Ovation R, Dentsply Caulk), Aditek (Easy Clip), Ormco (Damon System) and 3M Unitek (Smart Clip). An in vivo evaluation was carried out in which the brackets were bonded to the mandibular teeth of five healthy individuals who had not undergone previous orthodontic treatment. The right hemiarch brackets were used for bacterial plaque collection and those on the left side were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Before bracket bonding, the bacterial plaque material aggregated to the tooth surfaces was collected, with the areas of choice being the cervical-buccal and mesial and distal interproximal regions. After 21 days had elapsed since bonding, the plaque adhered to the winglet, channel and cervical regions of the bracket bases was collected. The materials collected were diluted and seeded on Petri dishes onto Mitis salivarius medium specific for S. mutans and non-specified BHI culture medium. Colony forming unit (CFU) counts were performed visually after 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation. Results: Greater bacterial accumulation was observed on the winglets of 3M brackets, with statistical statistically significant differences from the other types (p<0.05). As regards the channel regions, most microorganisms accumulated in the Ormco Group (p<0.05), and in the cervical region of Aditek brackets. In all evaluated regions, those with least bacterial accumulation were the conventional brackets. Conclusions: The hypothesis was confirmed, as the self-ligating brackets were shown to have greater bacterial accumulation when compared with the conventional brackets.

Efeito citotóxico de alginatos odontológicos sobre células fibroblastóides / Cytotoxic effects of a dentstry alginates applied on fibroblast-like cells

O alginato ou hidrocolóide irreversível é um dos materiais de moldagem mais aceitos e utilizados na Odontologia. Algumas substâncias presentes nesses pode levar toxicidade. O estuto foi avaliar a citotoxicidade de alginatos de uso odontológico. Foram avaliados quatro diferentes alginatos divididos em 4 grupos, assim denominados: Ava Gel, New Print, Kromopan e Hydrogum. Três grupos controle também participaram Controle positivo (C+) constituido pelo detergente celular Tween 80, controle negativo (C-) PBS, e controle de célula (CC) onde as células não foram expostas a nenhum material. Após manipulação dos materiais seguindo as orientações do fabricante foi confeccionado corpos de prova utilizando-se anéis de silicone. Em seguida os mesmos foram imersos em meio mínimo essencial de Eagle (MEM) por 2 min, onde então procedeu-se a remoção do sobrenadante e colocação em contato com fibroblastos L929. Após contato com o meio as células foram incubadas por mais 24 h onde então foram adicionados 100ml do corante vermelho neutro a 0,01%. Novamente as células foram incubadas por 3 h para que as mesmas incorporassem o corante. Passado esse período as mesmas foram fixadas e então, realizada contagem de células viáveis em espectrofotômetro (BioTek, Winooski, Vermont, USA) em um comprimento de onda de 492nm. Os resultados demonstraram diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos CC e C-com os demais (P<0.05). Ausência de diferença estatística ocorreu entre os grupos Ava Gel, New Print, Kromopan e Hydrogum (P>0.05). Pode-se concluir com a realização desse trabalho que todos os alginatos testados mostraram caráter citotoxico.

Alginate or irreversible hydrocolloid is one of the most accepted and used impression materials in dentstry. Some substances present in these can lead toxicity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of dental alginate of use. Was evaluated four different alginate divided into 4 groups, so called: Ava Gel, New Print, Kromopan e Hydrogum. Three control groups were also included: Group C+ (positive control), consisting of detergent Tween 80; Group C -(negative control), consisting of PBS, and Group CC (cell control), consisting of cells not exposed to any material. After manipulating the materials according to the manufacturer's instructions, samples were made by using silicon rings. Next, the samples were immersed into Eagle minimum essential medium (MEM) for 2 minutes, where the supernatants were removed and brought into direct contact with L929 fibroblasts. Following exposure to the medium, the cells were incubated for further 24 hours and then 100 ml of 0.01% neutral red dye were added. The cells were incubated again for 3 hours so that the dye could be absorbed. After this 3-hour period, the cells were fixed in order to count the viable ones by using a spectrophotometer (BioTek, Winooski, Vermont, USA) at a wavelength of 492nm. The results showed statistical differences between groups CC and C- with the others (P <0.05). Lack of statistical difference occurred between groups and between Ava Gel, New Print, Kromopan e Hydrogum (P> 0.05). Based on the results obtained in this work, one can conclude that all four alginate impression materials are potentially cytotoxic.

Analysis of mechanical properties and forces produced by transpalatal bars made from low-nickel alloy

Aim: This study evaluated assess the mechanical properties and forces produced by transpalatal bars made from low-nickel alloy. Methods: Using a template, a single operator made all transpalatal bars from 0.032" and 0.036" wires of two different alloys, thus originating four groups, namely: A8 (0.032" conventional stainless steel), B8 (0.032" low-nickel stainless steel), A9 (0.036" conventional stainless steel), and B9 (0.036" low-nickel stainless steel). The bars were then activated and mounted onto a device developed to serve as a support for mechanical assay in a universal testing machine (Emic DL 10.000). The values of resilience and ductility were obtained using the Origin 8 software. Results: No statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed between Groups A8 and B8 neither between A9 and B9 for 0.5-, 1.0-, and 5-mm deformations. However, statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) were found in all groups for 15-mm deformation. Groups B8 and B9 showed greater ductility and resilience compared to groups A8 and A9, respectively. Conclusions: Low-nickel stainless steel transpalatal bars release the same amount of force for activations less than 10 mm compared to those made from conventional stainless steel. Mechanically, the low-nickel stainless steel bars are more ductile and resilient.

Cytogenotoxicity biomarkers in fat snook Centropomus parallelus from Cananéia and São Vicente estuaries, SP, Brazil

The aquatic environment receives many contaminants that can induce damages at the molecular, biochemical, cellular and physiological levels. Centropomus parallelus, an important food resource for local populations, is a predator fish that feeds on small fishes and benthic invertebrates, thus being vulnerable to the bioconcentration and biomagnification processes. This study aimed to evaluate cytogenotoxic responses in erythrocytes from C. parallelus juveniles collected in the Cananéia and São Vicente estuaries, both in winter and in summer. After anesthesia, blood samples were collected by caudal puncture. Blood smears were prepared on glass slides and stained with May-Grünwald-Giemsa dye. Two thousand cells were analyzed per slide (1000x), and nuclear abnormalities (NA) and micronuclei (MN) were scored. The São Vicente sample showed MN and NA frequencies (%/1000 cells) of 0.325 and 3.575, in winter, and of 0.125 and 2.935 in summer respectively; the Cananéia sample showed frequencies of 0.0325 and 0.03, in winter, and of 0.065 and 0.355 in summer, respectively. The rates found in São Vicente were significantly higher than those found in Cananéia, evidencing that the levels of pollution in that estuary were high enough to induce genetic damages.

Prevalencia de enteroparásitos en embarazadas de la maternidad “Dr. Armando Castillo Plaza” en Maracaibo Venezuela / Prevalence of enteroparasitism in pregnant women at the “Dr. Armando Castillo Plaza” maternity center Maracaibo Venezuela

Para determinar la prevalencia de parásitos intestinales en gestantes con edades comprendidas entre 14 y 43 años de la Maternidad Dr. Armando Castillo Plaza del Municipio Maracaibo, Venezuela; se analizaron 120 muestras fecales, a las cuales se les practicó métodos coproparasitológicos mediante examen al fresco con SSF y coloraciones temporales de lugol y nair, técnicas de concentración de formol - éter, coloración de Kinyoun para el diagnóstico de coccidios intestinales y técnica de recuento de huevos (Kato-Katz) para determinar la severidad de las Geohelmintiasis. Se encontró una prevalencia de infestación parasitaria en un 65,9 por ciento y el grupo etario más afectado fue el de 23 a 31 años (48,1 por ciento). Las principales especies parasitarias encontradas fueron B. hominis (48,3 por ciento), E. nana (25 por ciento), E. coli, complejo E. histolytica/E. dispar (13,3 por ciento), T. trichiura (4,2 por ciento). A. lumbricoides (3,3 por ciento), S. stercoralis (1,6 por ciento), Ancylostomideos y Taenia sp. (0,8 por ciento). No se detectó la presencia de coccidios intestinales. El análisis estadístico de Ji cuadrado (X2) no mostró significancia entre las variables parasitismo - edad gestacional, parasitismo -grupo etario, parasitismo - anemia. La población de gestantes estudiadas es susceptible a las infestaciones por parasitosis intestinales.

For to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in pregnant women between 14 and 43 years old at Dr. Armando Castillo Plaza maternity center in Maracaibo Municipality. 120 stool samples were obtained and analyzed by copro-parasitical methods such as fresh test with saline solution and lugol, and concentration techniques with formaldehyde - eter (Ritchie); Kinyoun coloration for the diagnosis of intestinal coccidios. Kato Katz method was performed demonstrating the geohelminthiasis severity. Parasite infestation prevalence was found in 65.9 percent and the most affected age group was the one between 23 and 31 years (48.1 percent), with protozoal predominance (86 percent) over helminth (14 percent). The principal parasitical species found were B. hominis (48.3 percent), E. nana (25 percent), E. coli, E. histolytica / E. dispar complex (13.3 percent), T. trichiura (4.2 percent), A. lumbricoides (3.3 percent), S. stercoralis (1.6 percent), Ancylostomideos, Taenia sp. (0.8 percent). No intestinal coccidios were found in any of the analysis did not demostrate any significance between the variables parasitism - group by age, parasitism - pregnancy state and parasitism - anemia. The studied pregnant population is susceptible to be infested by intestinal parasites

Atividade analgésica e antiedematogênica de Polygala paniculata L. (Polygalaceae) selvagem e obtida por micropropagação / Analgesic and antiedematogenic activities of wild and micropropagated Polygala paniculata L (Polygalaceae)

Polygala paniculata L. (Polygalaceae) é uma erva que ocorre em todas as regiões do Brasil. No presente trabalho, foram avaliadas as atividades analgésica, através do teste da placa quente, da retirada de cauda e da formalina, e antiedematogênica, através do teste do edema de orelha induzido por óleo de cróton, dos extratos etanólicos obtidos das partes aéreas de Polygala paniculata selvagem e cultivadas por micropropagação. A aplicação oral do extrato etanólico de Polygala paniculata apresentou atividade analgésica, em ratos, tanto em testes de dor induzida por agentes térmicos (testes da placa quente e de retirada da cauda) quanto por agentes químicos (teste da formalina), de modo que os melhores resultados foram obtidos na dose de 400 mg/kg. Também foi observada redução na formação de edema de orelha induzida pela aplicação de óleo de cróton. Os efeitos provocados pelos extratos obtidos a partir das plantas cultivadas in vitro foram menos pronunciados que aqueles produzidos pelos extratos das plantas selvagens, embora ambos tenham sido significativos. Estes resultados sugerem que o extrato etanólico de Polygala paniculata possui atividades analgésica e antiedematogênica.

The ethanolic extracts of Polygala paniculata L. (Polygalaceae), wich is a herbaceous plant widely distributed all over Brazil, were tested for their analgesic effects using hot plate, tail flick and formalin test models, and for their antiedematogenic effects using croton oil induced ear oedema. The ethanolic extracts obtained from wild and micropropagated plants produced analgesic effects against thermal and chemical induced pain. The highest results were observed at the dose of 400 mg/kg. The inhibition of ear oedema in mice was also observed after treatment with ethanolic extract of Polygala paniculata. The effects produced by micropropagated plants were lower than wild plants, whereas both had produced significant effects. These results suggest that the ethanolic extracts from wild and micropropagated Polygala paniculata possess analgesic and antiedematogenic effects.

Ação de extratos do açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart. ) sobre a produção de óxido nítrico em células RAW 264.7

Açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.), é uma palmeira tropical muito apreciada por sua beleza e valor nutricional. Estudos químicos revelaram a presença de ácidos graxos e esteróides. No presente trabalho foi avaliada a ação de extratos obtidos dos frutos e flores sobre a produção de óxido nítrico (ON), molécula que apresenta várias atividades fisiológicas, tais como vasodilatação, neurotransmissão, além de atividades tumoricidas e citotóxicas. Células Raw 264,7 estimuladas com lipopolissacarídeo bacteriano (LPS, 100 ng/ml) e interferon-alfa (IFN-alfa, 10 U/ml) produziram grande quantidade de óxido nítrico (35 μM) quando comparadas com as células não estimuladas (3 μM). Os extratos com hexano, diclorometano, acetato de etila e n-butanol apresentaram alta capacidade de inibição em células ativadas com LPS e IFN-alfa, de acordo com a concentração, sendo que na concentração mais alta ocorreu uma inibição de quase 100 por cento. Também avaliamos se o efeito inibitório seria devido a seqüestro do radical livre (ON), através do uso do SNAP (um doador de ON). Somente o extrato em acetato de etila mostrou atividade sequestrante. Esforços estão sendo empregados na tentativa de compreender os possíveis mecanismos associados ao efeito inibitório destes extratos.

Açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) is a tropical palm tree appreciated for its attractive beauty and for nutritional purposes. Chemical studies have revealed the presence of fatty acids and steroids. In the present work, it has been tested the action of the extracts obtained from the fruits and flowers on the nitric oxide (NO) production, a very important molecule with a lot of physiological rules such as vasodilatation, neurotransmission, tumoricidal and cytotoxic activity. Cells RAW 264.7 stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 ng/ml) and interferonalpha (IFN-alpha, 10 U/ml) produce large amounts of nitric oxide (35 μM) when compared with non-stimulated cells (3μM). The hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts have shown high inhibition capacity, concentration-dependent in the cells activated with LPS and IFN-alpha, and the highest concentration has promoted almost 100 percent of inhibition. We also have tested if the inhibitory effect was due to a scavenger action using a NO donor, the SNAP. Only the ethyl acetate extract has shown significant scavenger action. At this moment an effort is going on to try to understand the possible mechanisms associated to the inhibition of those extracts.

Behavioral effects of "vehicle" microinjected into the dorsal periaqueductal grey of rats tested in the elevated plus maze

To investigate the behavioral effects of different vehicles microinjected into the dorsal periaqueductal grey (DPAG) of male Wistar rats, weighing 200-250 g, tested in the elevated plus maze, animals were implanted with cannulas aimed at this structure. One week after surgery the animals received microinjections into the DPAG of 0.9 per cent (w/v) saline, 10 per cent (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 2 per cent (v/v) Tween-80, 10 per cent (v/v) propylene glycol, or synthetic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Ten min after the injection (0.5 mul) the animals (N = 8-13/group) were submitted to the elevated plus maze test. DMSO significantly increased the number of entries into both the open and enclosed arms when compared to 0.9 per cent saline (2.7 ñ 0.8 and 8.7 ñ 1.3 vs 0.8 ñ 0.3 and 5.1 ñ 0.9, respectively, Duncan test, P<0.05), and tended to increase enclosed arm entries as compared to 2 per cent Tween-80 (8.7 ñ 1.3 vs 5.7 ñ 0.9, Duncan test, P

Antinociceptive property of new 4-acyl-arylhydrazone pyrazole compounds

A series of new 4-acyl-arylhydrazone pyrazole compunds were tested for antinociceptive activity using the inhibition of abdominal contortions induced by acetylcholine (4 mg/Kg, ip) in the mouse. Dipyrone was used for comparison of the antinociceptive potency of the compounds being tested. All drugs wee administered po in saline (dipyrone) or in propylene flycol 94-acyl-arylhydrazones). The maximum response induced by dipyrone (86% inhibition) was assigned an efficacy index of 1.0. Although none of the compounds had an efficacy index greater than 1.0, all three reached 1.0. The two most potent compounds, Wd1 and W1g, which also had an efficacy similar to that of dipyrone, contain a p-N(CH3)2 and m-OH,p-OCH3 group in the aromatic ring of the acyl-hydrazone, respectively. W1d presented the lowest antinociceptive ED50 in the series (1.41 mg/Kg) and was eleven times more potent than dypyrone (ED50 = 15.80 mg/Kg). Other substitutions at the para position had lower potency than W1d. The present results indicate that the introduction of a group at the para postion of the acyl-arylhydrazone ring increases the antinociceptive activity of these compounds to provide compounds of the same efficacy but greater potency than dipyrone to which these new compounds ara structurally related. Other assays of nociceptive activity are veing used to characterize the mechanism of action of the potential new drugs